We identified four dominant modes of variability responsible for the occurrence of large-scale BB in the Maritime Continent: 

(1) El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO), 

(2) Extreme positive-Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD), 

(3) Tropical cyclone (TC) activity, and 

(4) Madden-Julian Oscillations (MJO).

We emphasized the active biomass burning events in the Maritime Continent that occurred from 2012 to 2021. First, we calculated the domain-averaged (Indonesia and Malaysia) monthly MODIS C6 fire counts (FC) (confidence level >80%) and identified the fire occurrences with FC >5000 (70th percentile). 

Second, we categorized them according to the El Niño event and Maritime Continent’s BB peak season event (i.e.,

July to October): 

(1) El Niño & BB event, 

(2) non-El Niño & BB event, 

(3) non-El Niño &non-BB event.

Chang, J. H. W., Wong, Y. J., Ooi, M. C. G., Babu, S. R., Pani, S. K., & Lin, N. H. (2024). Biomass burning in critical fire region over the Maritime Continent from 2012 to 2021: A review of the meteorological influence and cloud-aerosol-radiation interactions. Atmospheric Environment, 120324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.120324